Three 17th Century German Christmas Discs

 

 

Germany’s preeminent composer of the seventeenth century, Heinrich Schütz occupied a position analogous to that of J. S. Bach in the eighteenth. Like the Cantor of Leipzig, he spent most of his career in one city–Dresden, the seat of the Saxon electoral court–and composed in a wide array of genres, from madrigals and sacred concertos to quasi-theatrical “histories” and operas. Unlike Bach, however, he didn’t grow up in a supportive musical family: his bourgeois parents discouraged him from pursuing a musical career and steered him toward the legal profession instead.

   Schütz’s place in the musical pantheon was saved by the timely intervention of a princely patron, who sent him to Venice to study with Giovanni Gabrieli in 1609. Although he returned to Germany more determined than ever to become a composer, in deference to his parents’ wishes he “was about to seek out my books which I had previously laid aside when God Almighty (who no doubt had singled me out in the womb for the profession of music) ordained that in 1614 I be called to serve in Dresden” to compose music for a royal christening. Three years later, he accepted the position of de facto Kapellmeister to Elector Johann Georg I.
   Schütz apparently saw no conflict between his artistic allegiance to Catholic Italy, which he called “the true university of music,” and his staunch Protestant faith. Apart from an early collection of madrigals composed in the first flush of his discovery of the extroverted, melodically rich Italian style, virtually all his surviving music was written either for the Lutheran Church or for religious ceremonies such as weddings, funerals, and christenings. Today’s program juxtaposes two large-scale works—a lavishly scored narrative of the birth of Christ and a monumental Magnificat—with an assortment of shorter vocal pieces set to both German and Latin texts. 

Historia der Geburt Jesu Christi, SWV 435

A quasi-dramatic retelling of the Nativity story, Schütz’s Christmas History (as it’s usually called in English) was designed to be performed as part of the vesper service in Dresden on Christmas Day. “The birth of Christ in recitative style” was the court diarist’s laconic description in an entry dated December 25, 1660. Schütz’s use of Italian-style operatic recitative for the Evangelist’s narration marked a departure from the chant-like recitation that had characterized his Resurrection History of 1623. The composer took pains to highlight this avant-garde feature of the Christmas History; when the score was partially published in 1664, he boasted that he had introduced a “new manner of composition which, as far as is known, has never hitherto appeared in print in Germany.” The influence of Gabrieli and Monteverdi, whom Schütz met on a second trip to Italy in the late 1620s, can also be heard in the work’s Italianate vocal lines and occasional flights of operatic coloratura.
   Structurally, the Christmas History consists of eight tableaux, or “intermedia,” for solo voices and/or chorus with instrumental accompaniment, alternating with sparer continuo recitatives for the tenor Evangelist. Elector Johann Georg II, who commissioned the work, maintained a chapel of some fifty singers and instrumentalists, and Schütz deployed it to full advantage: his score calls for no fewer than twelve voices and a large orchestra of strings (modern violins and violas, as well as members of the older-fashioned viol family), recorders, trombones, trumpets, bassoon, and organ. In keeping with traditional associations, the shepherds are accompanied by “pastoral” recorders, the angel by ethereal violettas (treble viols), King Herod by “regal” trumpets (or cornetts), and the high priests by mellow trombones. The popular appeal of the Christmas History is enhanced by such artful effects as the repeating two-note bass figure in the angel’s three intermedia, which according to Schütz depicts the “rocking of the Christ child’s cradle.” 

Hodie Christus natus est, SWV 456

This joyful celebration of the Nativity was probably composed for a Christmas Day vesper service at Dresden during the 1640s. Schütz’s sonorous six-voice choir (two sopranos, alto, two tenors, and bass) harks back to Gabrieli’s ten-part Hodie Christus natus est of 1597. The pacing and meter of the music are skillfully varied: lively triple-time “Alleluia” refrains alternate with phrases of the familiar liturgical text laid out in four-square rhythms. Schütz is equally attentive to textural variety, as illustrated by the imitative duet for alto and tenor on “Hodie Salvator apparuit” and the stately, antiphonal “Gloria” for two three-voice choirs.

Ave Maria, SWV 334

Schütz published his second set of Kleine geistliche Konzerte in 1639. Among the thirty-two “little sacred concertos” in the collection is this charming Latin-texted Ave Maria for five voices, five instruments, and continuo. The Annunciation story is presented as an intimate conversation between the angel Gabriel and Mary in recitative-like monodic style, known as stilo rappresentativo to the forward-looking composers Schütz had met in Italy. Only once do the solo voices overlap, when Mary impatiently interrupts the angel’s longwinded speech. Their dialogue is sandwiched between short instrumental “symphonies,” and the work ends with a spirited chorus for concerted voices and instruments.  

Der Engel sprach, SWV 395

Voices and instruments are also combined to splendid effect in Schütz’s adaptation of a Christmas motet by Andrea Gabrieli titled Angelus ad pastores ait (The angel spoke to the shepherds). The intricately wrought seven-voice counterpoint and smoothly flowing imitative textures demonstrate his mastery of the slightly old-fashioned polyphonic idiom associated with Giovanni Gabrieli, Orlande de Lassus, and other late Renaissance composers. In retrofitting the elder Gabrieli’s music to German words, Schütz hoped to convince his compatriots that the vocal counterpoint they admired in their Italian models could be successfully emulated, a topic that was hotly debated in Germany in the 1640s.    

Ein Kind ist uns geboren, SWV 384

Like Der Engel sprach and Das Wort ward Fleisch, Ein Kind ist uns geboren (Unto us a child is born) first appeared in Schütz’s Geistliche Chor-music (Spiritual Choral Music), an anthology of German motets published in 1648, the year the Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the ruinous Thirty Years’ War. In his preface, Schütz urged other German composers who had embraced the fashionable “Italian style of composition with basso continuo” not to neglect the older art of purely vocal polyphony. By way of example, he dispensed with a continuo accompaniment in this richly textured six-voice setting of the prophecy of the Messiah’s coming. Treating the upper and lower voices as distinct choirs, Schütz carefully calibrates the music’s pulse to the lengths and stresses of the German language.

Das Wort ward Fleisch, SWV 385

Another short six-voice motet without continuo, Das Wort ward Fleisch (The Word became flesh) is even more vividly expressive in its text-setting than Ein Kind ist uns geboren. The opening phrase, with its sustained notes and intense harmonies building to a resplendent E-major cadence, dramatically depicts the incarnation of God’s son. In the second phrase (“unt wohnet unter uns”), Schütz uses shorter note values and livelier rhythms to suggest Christ’s presence on earth in human form. A host of other subtle touches, such as the rising-scale figure that repeatedly underlines the word “Herrlichkeit” (majesty), constitute a kind of musical commentary on the verses from the Gospel of John.      

Magnificat, SWV 468

Schütz’s Magnificat was probably composed around the same time as the Christmas History and is scored with similar opulence: four soloists (the so-called coro favorito, or select choir) are combined with two four-voice choruses, two violins, three trombones, and continuo. Divided into short, clearly defined sections that correspond to segments of the Latin text, the music illustrates Schütz’s ingenuity at matching the words to sundry combinations of voices and instruments. In the brightly declamatory opening chorus, for example, the solo tenor calls out each phrase in advance of the other singers. This section leads, somewhat unexpectedly, to a wordless trombone trio in imitative counterpoint, followed by a light-textured duet for soprano and tenor with continuo accompaniment (“Et exultavit”) and a brief dialogue between the solo bass and violins (“Quia respexit”). The bass’s sturdily triadic melody morphs into the nimbly overlapping choral phrases of “Ecce, ecce enim,” which in turn flower into the full-throated sonorities of “omnes generationes.”
   A few bars later, Schütz treats us to a classic example of Baroque word-painting in the fast flurry of sibilants that erupts on the words “dispersit superbos” (He hath scattered the proud). The contrast between this animated outburst and the strenuously falling and rising lines of the ensuing section, “Deposuit potentes … et exaltavit humiles” (He hath put down the mighty … and exalted the humble), could hardly be more dramatically apposite. Elsewhere in the Magnificat, the antiphonal effects created by the interplay between the two choirs evoke the sumptuous polychoral music that Schütz’s teacher, Gabrieli, composed for St. Mark’s Cathedral in Venice. As the work approaches its majestic climax, Schütz marshals all his forces for the “Gloria,” and his stirring canticle of praise ends with a setting of the text “Sicut erat in principio” that neatly recalls the music “as it was in the beginning.”

Wann unsre Augen schlafen ein, SWV 316

Like Ave Maria, this short concerto was published in the second volume of Kleine geistliche Konzerte.  Schütz’s simple chorale setting for soprano, bass, and continuo reflects the straitened circumstances of the Dresden chapel during the final phase of the Thirty Years’ War. “Praiseworthy music,” the composer lamented, “has not only fallen into great decline through the constant perils of war … but in many places has ceased altogether, suffering the general ruin and disorder which invariably results from unholy strife.” The lugubriously descending chromatic lines of Wann unsre Augen schlafen ein (When our eyes droop in sleep) contrast with rippling passagework depicting the vigilance of the unsleeping heart.

Notes © by Harry Haskell 

Historia der Geburt Jesu Christ, SWV 435

Hodie Christus natus est, SWV 456

Ave Maria, SWV 334

Der Engel Sprach, SWV 395

Ein kind ist uns geboren, SWV 384

Das Wort ward Fleisch, SWV 385

 

Sigiswald Kuijken worked for 10 years on his cycle of Johann Sebastian Bach cantatas following the liturgical year, an effort which can be heard on the series of 19 albums published on Accent. Now, Kuijken returns with a new release. This recording includes the work of three great masters dedicated to the theme of Christmas: Dietrich Buxtehude (1637-1707), Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767). All three created a large number of cantatas for many occasions, each according to his own perspective and tradition. The Christmas cantatas were always of a special nature; the birth of Christ was celebrated everywhere- both in a solemn and festive setting and in a smaller circle- and if one listens carefully and considers the different approaches, one can virtually peer into the composer’s heart. Bach takes center stage in this new production, Buxtehude is its be-all and end-all and Telemann bridges in between two very different opuses.     Since 1972 Sigiswald Kuijken's La Petite Bande has built both an excellent reputation and discography as Baroque specialists. This collection of Christmas music features compositions by three of the masters of the genre: Dietrich Buxtehude (1637-1707), Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and Georg Philipp Telemann (1681-1767). Bach is centre stage in this programme with his Cantata "Ich Freue Mich In Dir" ("I Rejoice In Thee") (BVW 133), Buxtehude opens and closes with his Cantata "Das Neugeborne Kindeleine" ("The Newly Born And Tiny Child") (BuxWV 13) and "In Dulci Jubilo" ("In Quiet Joy") (BuxWV 52), and Telemann bridges the two with a Missa sopra "Ein Kindelein So Lobelich" ("A Most Praiseworthy Little Child") (TWV 9:5) and a Cantata "O Jesu Christ, Dein Kripplein Ist Mein Paradies" ("O Jesus Christ, Thy Manger Is My Paradise") (TVW 1:1200).

 

From Ralph Graves for WTJU: This release presents Christmas cantatas from three German Baroque masters: Dieterich Buxtehude, Georg Philipp Telemann, and Johann Sebastian Bach. All three wrote cantatas for each Sunday of the Liturgical calendar. Buxtehude was of the generation before Telemann and Bach and was a model to the younger composers. His cantata Das neugeborne Kindelein opens the program. It’s a short, joyous work that’s actually a choral cantata. All four voices sing continually throughout. His setting of In dulci Jubilo closes the album. While the overall shape of the melody is familiar, it’s rhythms are somewhat different than the modern version.

Dietrich Buxtehude (1637 – 1707) : “In dulci jubilo”
J.S. Bach (1685 -1750): “Süsser Trost, mein Jesus kömmt” (Cantate BWV 151, composed 1725)
G.Ph. Telemann (1681 – 1767) : “O Jesu Christ, dein Kripplein ist” (1748)
G.Ph. Telemann : Missa (brevis) on the Christmas song “Ein Kindelein so löbelich” (1735)
J.S. Bach : “Ich freue mich in dir” ( from 1724 – BWV 133)
Dietrich Buxtehude : “Das neugeborne Kindelein”